Fitch, G. M., Smith, J. A., Clarens, A. F. 2013. Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of Winter Maintenance Treatments for Roadways. Journal of Transportation Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. Volume 139. Pages 138-146

Best management practice, Maintenance, Management, Road salt, Water quality, Roads, BMPs, Chloride, Brine, De-icing, Anti-icing, Winter maintenance

This article describes and compares the life cycles of the following winter maintenance materials and practices: traditional granular sodium chloride application for de-icing, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) application for de-icing, and anti-icing with sodium chloride brine and/or CMA.