Roseen, R., Ballestero, T., Houle, J., Avellaneda, P., Briggs, J., Fowler, G. 2009. Seasonal Performance Variations for Storm-Water Management Systems in Cold Climate Conditions. Journal of Environmental Engineering. ASCE, Reston, VA. Volume 135, Number 3. Pages 128-137.

BMP, Efficiency, pollutant, stormflow, water quality, Stormwater

Low Impact Development (LID) designs for bioretention, surface sand filter, subsurface gravel wetland, street trees, and porous asphalt were tested for cold climate performance from 2004 to 2006. The study examined filter media frost penetration, hydraulic efficiency, and seasonal variations for pollutant removal efficiency and determined that LID systems performed better than conventional BMPs they were compared to in the study.