Birch, A., Emanuel, R., James, A., Guthrie Nichols, E. 2016. Hydrologic Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation to a Temperate Forest Watershed. Journal of Environmental Quality. Volume 45, Number 4. Pages 1303-1312

forest, hydrology, surface water, wastewater, Rainfall, isotopes

https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/45/4/1303

Municipal wastewater application to managed forests is an important water reuse technology. This study estimated the amount of land-applied wastewater in total streamflow, showing that wastewater compositions were proportionally lower than groundwater and surface water based on the proportion of irrigation to rainfall in the study areas.