Violin, C.R., Cada, P., Sudduth, E.B., Hassett, B.A., Penrose, D.L., Bernhardt, E.S.. 2011. Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems. Ecological Applications. Ecological Society of America, Ithaca, NY. Volume 21, Number 6. Pages 1932-1949

biological, habitat, impacts, restoration, stream, urban

The study compares four urban degraded, four urban restored and four forested streams in the Piedmont region of North Carolina to quantify the ability of reach-scale stream restoration to restore the physical and biological structure to urban streams and to examine the assumption that providing habitat is sufficient for biological recovery. Authors suggest that reach-scale restoration is not successfully mitigating for the factors causing physical and biological degradation.