Northington, R.M., Benfield, E.F., Schoenholtz, S.H, Timpano, A.J., Webster, J.R., Zipper, C. 2011. An assessment of structural attributes and ecosystem function in restored Virginia coalfield streams. Hydrobiologia. SpringerLink, Berlin, Germany. Volume 671, Number 1. Pages 51-63

mitigation, stream, Macro-invertebrate, Mining

Mining for coal has significantly altered the landscape in the United States’ Appalachian region, with significant negative effects on downstream water quality and ecosystem function. This type of mitigation was assessed using measures of both structure and function in restored and unrestored streams affected by surface mining operations.