McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J. 2002. A Comparison of Municipal Forest Benefits and Costs in Modesto and Santa Monica, California, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. Urban & Fischer Verlag, New York, NY. Volume 1, # 2. Pages 61-74

benefits, costs, urban, Trees

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866704700072

This paper presents a comparison of the structure, function, and value of street and park tree populations in Modesto and Santa Monica, CA.  The ’structure’ of an urban forest is defined as the species composition and spatial array of vegetation in relation to other objects such as buildings.  The term urban forest ’function’ refers in general tot the services that urban forests provide such as pollution removal, temperature modification, and property value increase.  ’Value’ refers to the benefits and costs society derives from the urban forest.