Fay, L., Shi, X. 2012. Environmental Impacts of Chemicals for Snow and Ice Control: State of the Knowledge. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Volume 223. Pages 2751-2770

Human health, Maintenance, Management, Road salt, Soils, Vegetation, Water quality, Roads, Wildlife, Chloride, De-icing, Anti-icing, Winter maintenance

This article contains the results of an extensive review of the environmental impacts of five main types of deicing chemicals used for winter maintenance operations: abrasives (like sand and grit), chlorides, acetates & formates, glycols, and agriculturally-derived chemicals. For each chemical group, the effects on receiving waters, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and human health are evaluated and compared.