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TECHNICAL PAPERS

Evaluating Bioretention Hydrology and Nutrient Removal at Three Field Sites in North Carolina

Article History

Submitted: 20  July  2005
Accepted: 27 October 2005
Published: 01 December 2006

Publication Data

ISSN (print): 0733-9437
ISSN (online): 1943-4774
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
CODEN: JIDEDH
W. F. Hunt1; A. R. Jarrett2; J. T. Smith3; and L. J. Sharkey4

1Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7625. E-mail: bill_hunt@ncsu.edu

2Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802. E-mail: arj@psu.edu

3Project Engineer, McKim and Creed, Raleigh, NC 27607.

4Engineer, CH2M Hill, Raleigh, NC 27606.

Three bioretention field sites in North Carolina were examined for pollutant removal abilities and hydrologic performance. The cells varied by fill media type or drainage configuration. The field studies confirmed high annual total nitrogen mass removal rates at two conventionally drained bioretention cells (40% reduction each). Nitrate-nitrogen mass removal rates varied between 75 and 13%, and calculated annual mass removal of zinc, copper, and lead from one Greensboro cell were 98, 99, and 81%, respectively. All high mass removal rates were due to a substantial decrease in outflow volume. The ratio of volume of water leaving the bioretention cell versus that which entered the cell varied from 0.07 (summer) to 0.54 (winter). There was a significant (p<0.05) change in the ratio of outflow volume to inflow volume when comparing warm seasons to winter. Cells using a fill soil media with a lower phosphorus index (P-index), Chapel Hill cell C1 and Greensboro cell G1, had much higher phosphorus removal than Greensboro cell G2, which used a high P-index fill media. Fill media selection is critical for total phosphorus removal, as fill media with a low P-index and relatively high CEC appear to remove phosphorus much more readily.




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, , and . 2012. Nutrient Leaching from Disturbed Soil Horizons. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 20102927-2938.
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, , and (2009). "Establishing Storm-Water BMP Evaluation Metrics Based upon Ambient Water Quality Associated with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Populations." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000185, 535-541.
Online publication date: 1-May-2010.
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, , , and (2009). "Hydrologic Performance Monitoring of an Underdrained Low-Impact Development Storm-Water Management System." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000177, 333-339.
Online publication date: 1-May-2010.
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, , and . 2012. Modeling Bioretention Hydrology with DRAINMOD. Low Impact Development 2010441-450.
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, , and . 2012. Effect of Soil Disturbance in Native and Engineered Soils Used in Stormwater Infiltration Systems. Low Impact Development 20101247-1257.
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, , , and . 2012. Measure Twice, Build Once: Bench-Scale Testing to Evaluate Bioretention Media Design. Low Impact Development 2010126-138.
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, , and . 2012. Bioretention Outflow: Does It Mimic Non-Urban Watershed Shallow Interflow?. Low Impact Development 20101209-1222.
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, , , and (2009). "Discharge Formulas for Subsurface Drainage of Retention Pond." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000151, 210-213.
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010.
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and (2009). "Simulation of the Performance of a Storm-Water BMP." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000106, 1257-1267.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.
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, , and (2009). "Design of Two-Layered Porous Landscaping Detention Basin." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000113, 1268-1274.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.
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, , , , and (2009). "Transpiration and Root Development of Urban Trees in Structural Soil Stormwater Reservoirs." Environmental Management, 10.1007/s00267-009-9366-9, 646-657.
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2009.
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and (2009). "Bioretention Impact on Runoff Temperature in Trout Sensitive Waters." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000022, 577-585.
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009.
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, , , , and (2009). "Field Study of the Ability of Two Grassed Bioretention Cells to Reduce Storm-Water Runoff Pollution." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000006, 505-510.
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009.
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and (2009). "Water Quality Improvement through Reductions of Pollutant Loads Using Bioretention." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000026, 567-576.
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009.
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and (2009). "Storm-Water Filter Media Pollutant Retention under Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000012, 367-371.
Online publication date: 1-May-2009.
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, , , and (2009). "Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology Using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(407), 407-415.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2009.
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and (2009). "Performance of a Bioretention Area and a Level Spreader-Grass Filter Strip at Two Highway Sites in North Carolina." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2009)135:2(217), 217-224.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2009.
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and (2009). "Asphalt Parking Lot Runoff Nutrient Characterization for Eight Sites in North Carolina, USA." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(352), 352-361.
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2009.
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, , , and (2009). "Bioretention Technology: Overview of Current Practice and Future Needs." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2009)135:3(109), 109-117.
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2009.
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, , , , , , and (2009). "Seasonal Performance Variations for Storm-Water Management Systems in Cold Climate Conditions." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2009)135:3(128), 128-137.
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2009.
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, , and (2008). "The Evaluation of Bioretention Mesocosm for Treatment of Urban Stromwater Runoff." International Journal of Urban Sciences, 10.1080/12265934.2008.9693635, 116-128.
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
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and (2008). "Nutrient Retention in Vegetated and Nonvegetated Bioretention Mesocosms." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:5(613), 613-623.
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2008.
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and (2008). "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Best Management Practices Using Dynamic Modeling." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:8(628), 628-639.
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
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and (2008). "Urban Particle Capture in Bioretention Media. II: Theory and Model Development." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:6(419), 419-432.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
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, , , and (2008). "Understanding, Managing, and Minimizing Urban Impacts on Surface Water Nitrogen Loading." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10.1196/annals.1439.014, 61-96.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
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, , , , , , , , , , , , and (2008). "Exchanges across Land-Water-Scape Boundaries in Urban Systems." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10.1196/annals.1439.012, 213-232.
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
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, , , , and (2008). "Pollutant Removal and Peak Flow Mitigation by a Bioretention Cell in Urban Charlotte, N.C.." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:5(403), 403-408.
Online publication date: 1-May-2008.
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(2007). "Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z, 351-363.
Online publication date: 6-Oct-2007.
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(2007). "Field Performance of Bioretention: Water Quality." Environmental Engineering Science, 10.1089/ees.2006.0190, 1048-1064.
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007.
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, , , and (2007). "Low-Impact-Development Practices for Stormwater: Implications for Urban Hydrology." Canadian Water Resources Journal, 10.4296/cwrj3203193, 193-212.
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
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